BAM 15 is an uncoupler of mitochondrial protonophore. BAM 15 is fully capable of increasing mitochondrial respiration in the presence of oligomycin and does so across a broader concentration range than FCCP in both myoblasts and hepatocytes and it is able to increase O2 consumption across a broad dosing range without increasing ROS.

p-Hydroxymandelic acid is an acidic metabolite of p-octopamine and p-synephrine (p-phenylephrine). It is also a naturally occurring metabolite of tyramine.

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is a glucose analog and glucose antagonist that inhibits the maintenance of hippocampal LTP and can suppress tumor growth by inhibiting the glycolytic process.